TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS.

 

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affecting various parts of the body. It can be classified into several types based on the site of infection and the stage of the disease.

Types of Tuberculosis

1. Based on Site of Infection

• Pulmonary Tuberculosis: This is the most common type, affecting the lungs. Symptoms include a persistent cough, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Pulmonary TB can be infectious, especially when active.
  
  

• Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: This type occurs when TB spreads beyond the lungs to other parts of the body. It includes various forms:
  
  

• Lymphadenitis: Affects lymph nodes, causing swollen and painful lumps.
  
  

• Skeletal TB: Involves the bones, particularly the spine and long bones.
  
  

• Genitourinary TB: Affects the urinary tract and reproductive organs, potentially leading to infertility in women
  
  

• Miliary TB: A severe form where TB bacteria spread through the bloodstream to multiple organs, often seen in children and immunocompromised individuals.
  
  

• TB Meningitis: Involves inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, presenting serious health risks.
  
  

2. Based on Disease Progression

• Primary Tuberculosis: Occurs upon first exposure to TB bacteria, often asymptomatic but can lead to active disease in some individuals.
  
  

• Progressive Primary Tuberculosis: Develops when primary TB progresses due to weakened immunity, commonly seen in infants and the elderly.
  
  

• Post-primary Tuberculosis: Also known as reactivation TB, this occurs in previously infected individuals when their immune system is compromised.
  
  

3. Latent vs. Active Tuberculosis

• Latent TB: The bacteria are present but inactive; individuals show no symptoms and are not contagious. It can remain dormant for years without progressing to active disease.
  
  

• Active TB: This form causes symptoms and is contagious. It requires immediate medical attention and treatment to prevent transmission.
  
  

Understanding these types is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, particularly in high-risk populations.